ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the precision of oxygen uptake with heart rate regression during treadmill running in highly trained runners. Twenty national and international level male runners were divided into two equal groups. Group A was formed of 10 sprinters (31.5± 4.7 years, height 1.74± 0.04 m and mass 61.8± 5.2 kg), and group B comprised 10 endurance runners (25.7± 4.5 years, height 1.77± 0.08 m and mass 71.2± 5.8 kg). Each participant performed six min bouts at a constant velocity on a level treadmill, with each bout at an increased running velocity. The starting velocity was 3.33 m·s-1, with a 0.56 m·s-1 increase in each subsequent bout. VO2 and HR were measured during all runs. Mean peak VO2 and mean peak HR for Group A were, respectively, 71.7± 7.0 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 179.8± 12.7 beats·min-1, while for Group B were 67.3± 4.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 198.2± 9.8 beats·min-1. The linearity of the regressions between VO2 and HR in both groups was very high (R2= 0.97 and R2=0.76) with small standard errors of regression. Despite a stronger correlation in endurance-trained athletes, the results of the present study indicate that it is possible to use HR as an indicator of exercise intensity in individuals trained in both speed and longer distances.

Abstract Identifying indicators that contribute to a favourable living condition becomes of great value for the diagnosis, as well as implementing preventive and health-promoting actions. The present work objective was to evaluate and compare the lifestyle, depressive symptoms and functional aptitude of elderly men and women attending a community centre. The sample consisted of 277 elderly people, 197 (71%) women and 80 (29%) men aged above 60 years. The elderly were evaluated using a questionnaire to assess lifestyle and depressive symptoms, and their functional fitness was assessed by functional autonomy tests. The differences between the parameters were analysed by the student’s t-test and χ2 whenever appropriate. Depressive symptoms were present in 35% of the elderly; however, the lifestyle analysis showed that 57.40% of the elderly had a very good classification, followed by 24.55% as good, 17.33% as excellent and 0.72% as regular. Regarding functional fitness, 19.39% of the elderly had a score related to a very good level, 15.97% good, 16.35% fair and 45.29% weak. The results found in this study suggest that the elderly attending the community centre presented low depressive symptoms with a lifestyle classification considered very good, however, with poor functional fitness with differences in some parameters between men and women.

RESUMO Introdução: A relação entre treino e competição é muito importante e visa a preparação mais específica e adequada no Jiu-Jitsu. Problema e objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre treinamento e competição por meio de indicadores de lesão e força muscular. Métodos: A amostra do estudo incluiu nove indivíduos (22,54 ± 2,77 anos) que foram submetidos às seguintes condições: 1) simulação de treinamento e 2) simulação de competição. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas no teste Counter Movement Jump (CMJ). Porém, 48 horas depois do treinamento, houve indicação de valores superiores aos de pós-competição. A creatina quinase (CK) apresentou diferenças significativas de lesão muscular depois da competição com relação às demais condições e momentos (p <0,01), com alto efeito. A LDH apresentou diferenças nos momentos antes, durante e depois das condições de competição e treinamento (p < 0,05), com alto efeito. A potência dos membros superiores (PUL) teve correlação média 24 horas (> 0,55) e 48 horas (0,47) depois da intervenção. Houve alta correlação (> 0,70)com todas as condições no squat jump (SJ). A LDH teve alta correlação (> 0,70) em 48 horas. Conclusões: Houve boa correlação entre o treinamento e a simulação de competição, o que indica que o modelo de treinamento usado no estudo tende a preparar adequadamente os atletas de Jiu-Jitsu para as demandas da competição. Nível de evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de confiança estreitos.

ABSTRACT Background: The relationship between training and competition is very important and aims at a more specific and adequate preparation in Jiu-Jitsu. Problem and objective: To evaluate the relationship between training and competition through indications of injury and muscle strength. Methods: The study sample included nine subjects (22.54 ± 2.77 years of age) who were submitted to the following two conditions: 1) training simulation and 2) competition simulation. Results: There were no significant differences in the countermovement jump (CMJ) test. However, 48 hours after training there was an indication of values higher than the post-competition ones. Creatine kinase (CK) indicated significant differences in muscle damage after competition in relation to the other conditions and moments (p <0.01) with a high effect. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) showed differences in the moments before, during, and after both competition and training conditions (p <0.05) with a high effect. The power of the upper limbs (PUL) showed a medium correlation at 24h (> 0.55) and 48h (0.47) after the intervention. There was high correlation (> 0.70) for all conditions in the squat jump (SJ). LDH showed a high correlation (> 0.70) at 48 hours. Conclusion: There was a good correlation between training and competition simulation, which tends to indicate that the training model used in the study properly prepare Jiu-Jitsu athletes for the demands of competition. Level of evidence I; High-quality randomized clinical trial with or without a statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.

RESUMEN Introducción: La relación entre entrenamiento y competición es muy importante y apunta a una preparación más específica y adecuada en el Jiu-Jitsu. Problema y objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre entrenamiento y competición a través de indicadores de lesión y fuerza muscular. Métodos: La muestra del estudio incluyó a nueve individuos (22,54 ± 2,77 años) que fueron sometidos a las siguientes condiciones: 1) simulación de entrenamiento y 2) simulación de competición. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en la prueba de Counter Movement Jump (CMJ). Sin embargo, hubo indicios, 48 horas después del entrenamiento, de valores superiores a los de post-competición. La creatina quinasa (CK) presentó diferencias significativas de lesión muscular tras la competición en relación con las demás condiciones y momentos (p <0,01), con un efecto elevado. La LDH presentó diferencias en los momentos previos, durante y posteriores a las condiciones de competición y entrenamiento (p <0.05), con un efecto elevado. La potencia de las extremidades superiores (PUL) tuvo una correlación media de 24 horas (> 0,55) y 48 horas (0,47) después de la intervención. En el salto, Squat Jump (SJ), hubo una alta correlación en relación a todas las condiciones (> 0,70). La LDH presentó alta correlación (> 0,70) en 48 horas. Conclusiones: Hubo una buena correlación entre el entrenamiento y la simulación de competición, lo que indica que el modelo de entrenamiento utilizado en el estudio tiende a preparar adecuadamente a los atletas de Jiu-Jitsu para las exigencias de la competición. Nivel de evidencia I;Ensayo clínico aleatorizado de alta calidad con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con intervalos de confianza estrechos.

Abstract Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different cadences of movement in ATI equipment on the psychophysiological parameters of older adults during the training session. Methods: Fifteen physically independent older men voluntarily participated in this study. Three 30-min exercise sessions were randomly distributed (5 min warm-up, 20 min exercise, 5 min cooldown), comprising exercises with different cadences low (L: 1 movement every 4 s), medium (M: 1 movement every 2 s), and high cadence (H: 1 movement per second); all with 30” of stimulus and 30” recovery using the following devices: elliptical, rower, surf/elliptical and leg press. Heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), rate of perceived recovery (RPR), and feeling scale (FS) were evaluated before and immediately after the three sessions. The difference between moments was analyzed by analysis of variance with a significance level of p < 0.0001). Results: Cadence L (56 ± 2 %) showed lower values of relative HR than M (70 ± 5%) and H (85 ± 5%), which also differed from each other. Significant differences (p < 0.01) for the area under the curve of RPE (L: 75 ± 26, M: 115 ± 16, H: 154 ± 4) and RPR (L: 173 ± 16, M: 139 ± 12, H: 97 ± 6; UA) were identified among the cadences. Statistical differences (p < 0.01) were found on RPE 30 min of the session (L: 4.2 ± 0.7 < M: 5.7 ± 0.7 < H: 7.4 ± 0.5). Conclusion: The performance of different cadences induced different psychophysiological responses in older adults undergoing exercise sessions in the ATI. The moderate cadence provided an increase in HR with values considered safe for the exercise and therefore can be recommended for this population when using this equipment.

RESUMO Introdução: O uso da eletromioestimulação de corpo inteiro (whole body electromyostimulation - WB-EMS) tem mostrado ser um método eficiente para induzir melhora significativa da força muscular e do desempenho. Hipoteticamente, a prática de WB-EMS foi considerada potencializadora do gasto energético na sessão, mas isso ainda não está claro. Objetivo: Diante da escassez de informações, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o gasto energético da WB-EMS associada ao treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) com o peso corporal. Métodos: Quatorze participantes do sexo masculino foram submetidos a duas sessões de exercícios randomizadas: HIIT (exercícios com peso corporal sem WB-EMS) e HIIT + WB-EMS (exercícios com peso corporal associados a WB-EMS). Para ambas as condições de exercício, os indivíduos realizaram HIIT com peso corporal, de acordo com o seguinte protocolo: 3 minutos de aquecimento seguidos de 4 exercícios (30 segundos de estímulo), organizados em 2 blocos com 3 séries em cada exercício, com 15 segundos de descanso passivo entre as séries e 180 segundos entre os blocos, com os seguintes exercícios realizados: jumping jack (polichinelo), squat and thrust, burpee e spider plank. Resultados: Diferenças significativas foram encontradas no consumo de VO2 absoluto (HIIT: 2,18 ± 0,34, HIIT + WB-EMS: 2,32 ± 0,36; L.min−1) e VO2 relativo (HIIT: 26,30 ± 3,77, HIIT + WB-EMS: 28,02 ± 3,74; ml.kg.min−1), MET (HIIT: 7,51 ± 1,07, HIIT + WB-EMS: 8,00 ± 1,07), concentração no sangue de lactato (HIIT: 11,59 ± 2,16, HIIT + WB- EMS: 12,64 ± 1,99 mmol.L−1) e gasto energético total (HIIT: 249,6± 45,04 Kcal, HIIT+ WB-EMS: 268,9± 40,67 Kcal; 7,46 ± 5,31%). Conclusão: Nossos dados indicam que o uso de WB-EMS associado ao HIIT gerou demanda metabólica ligeiramente superior à do controle. Entretanto, as diferenças absolutas não permitem indicar superioridade do WB-EMS, e estudos futuros devem ser planejados de modo a determinar os efeitos a longo prazo. Nível de evidência II.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of whole body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) has been shown to be an efficient method for inducing significant improvements in muscle strength and performance outcomes. Hypothetically, WB-EMS had been considered an enhancer of energy expenditure in the session, but this remains unclear. Objective: In view of the lack of information, this study aims to evaluate the energy expenditure of WB-EMS associated with whole body High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT). Methods: Fourteen male participants were submitted into two randomized exercise sessions: HIIT (whole body weight exercises without WB-EMS) and HIIT+WB-EMS (whole body weight exercises associated with WB-EMS). For both exercise conditions, the subjects performed whole body HIIT according to the following protocol: 3 minutes of warm-up followed by 4 exercises (30 seconds of stimulus) organized in 2 blocks, with 3 sets in each exercise, a rest period of 15 seconds between sets, and 180 seconds between blocks. The following exercises were performed: jumping jacks, squat and thrusts, burpees, and spider plank. Results: Significant differences were found in the absolute VO2 (HIIT:2.18±0.34, HIIT+WB-EMS:2.32±0.36 L.min−1) and relative VO2 (HIIT:26.30±3.77, HIIT+WB-EMS:28.02± 3.74 ml.kg.min−1), MET (HIIT:7.51±1.07, HIIT+WB-EMS:8.00±1.07), lactate concentration (HIIT:11.59±2.16, HIIT+WB-EMS: 12.64±1.99 mmol.L−1) and total energy expenditure (HIIT: 249.6± 45.04 Kcal, HIIT+ WB-EMS: 268.9±40.67 Kcal; 7.46 ± 5.31%). Conclusion: Our data indicate that the use of WB-EMS associated with HIIT generated a slightly higher metabolic demand than that of the control. However, the absolute differences do not allow us to indicate the superiority of WB-EMS, and future trials should be designed to determine the long-term effects.

RESUMEN Introducción: Se ha demostrado que el uso de la electroestimulación de cuerpo entero (WB-EMS) es un método eficaz para inducir mejoras significativas en la fuerza muscular y los resultados de rendimiento. Hipotéticamente, la práctica de WB-EMS se consideró un potenciador del gasto calórico en la sesión, pero esto aún no está claro. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el gasto energético del WB-EMS asociado al HIIT con el peso corporal. Métodos: Se asignaron al azar catorce participantes masculinos a dos sesiones de ejercicio: HIIT (ejercicios de peso corporal total sin WB-EMS) y HIIT + WB-EMS (ejercicios de peso corporal total asociados con WB-EMS). Para ambas condiciones de ejercicio, los sujetos realizaron HIIT con peso corporal según el siguiente protocolo: 3 minutos de calentamiento seguido de 4 ejercicios (30 segundos de estímulo) organizados en 2 bloques con 3 series en cada ejercicio y 15 segundos entre series y ejercicios y 180 segundos entre bloques de descanso pasivo con los siguientes ejercicios realizados: jump jack, squat and thrust, burpee y spider plank. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el consumo de VO2 absoluto (HIIT: 2,18 ± 0,34, HIIT + WB-EMS: 2,32 ± 0,36 L.min−1) y relativo (HIIT: 26,30 ± 3,77, HIIT + WB-EMS: 28,02 ± 3,74 ml.kg.min1), MET (HIIT: 7,51 ± 1,07, HIIT + WB-EMS: 8,00 ± 1, 07), concentración de lactato (HIIT: 11,59 ± 2,16, HIIT + WB-EMS: 12,64 ± 1,99 mmol.L−1) y gasto energetico total (HIIT: 231,5±36,38Kcal, HIIT + WB-EMS:246,9± 38,76Kcal; 6,14± 5,61%). Conclusión: Nuestros datos indican que el uso de WB-EMS asociado a HIIT generó, en una de manera sutil, una mayor respuesta a la demanda metabólica que la situación de control. Sin embargo, las diferencias absolutas no permiten indicar la superioridad del WB-EMS con estudios futuros y deben planificarse.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos de diferentes rotinas de treinamento em medidas de força e hipertrofia muscular. Métodos: Foram distribuídos em dois grupos de treinamento 67 indivíduos não treinados: Rotina Distribuída (n=35), com os grupos musculares treinados duas vezes por semana em uma divisão A/B com oito séries por sessão, ou Rotina de Corpo Inteiro (n=32), com os grupos musculares treinados quatro vezes por semana com quatro e oito séries por sessão de treinamento. Ambos os grupos realizaram de oito a 12 repetições máximas por série, com intervalo de 60 segundos entre as séries. A força e a espessura muscular máximas foram avaliadas no início e após oito semanas de treinamento. Resultados: Observaram-se diferenças significativas considerando o tempo (pré versus pós) para força máxima no supino, agachamento e espessura muscular de extensores do cotovelo, flexores do cotovelo e músculos do quadríceps femoral. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos para nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Conclusão: O treinamento de força realizado duas ou quatro vezes por semana com volume de séries equalizado promove adaptações neuromusculares similares.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effects of different resistance training programs on measures of muscle strength and hypertrophy. Methods: Sixty-seven untrained subjects were randomized to one of two groups: Split Workout Routine (n=35), in which muscle groups were trained twice per week in an A/B split consisting of eight sets per session, or Full-Body Workout Routine (n=32), in which muscle groups were trained four times per week with four and eight sets per session. Both groups performed eight to 12 repetition maximum per set, with 60 seconds of rest between sets. Maximal strength and muscle thickness were assessed at baseline and after eight weeks of training. Results: A significant main effect of time (pre versus post) was observed for maximal strength in the bench press and squat exercises and thickness of the elbow extensor, elbow flexor and quadriceps femoris muscles. Selected variables did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion: Resistance training twice or four times per week has similar effects on neuromuscular adaptation, provided weekly set volume is equal.

Abstract Aims: Recently, high-intensity training methods have become popular, integrating the cardiovascular and neuromuscular training in a single training session, among these methods is CrossFit®. The objective of this study was to analyze the superficial thermal response to CrossFit® exercise in men and women, in order to use this knowledge to prevent overuse injuries. Methods: Nineteen volunteers involved in CrossFit® exercise for more than 6-month (12 males and 7 females) were recruited. The acquisition of the thermal images was performed in a climatized room in two moments, at rest (before exercise), and after one CrossFit® training session. The training session lasted 45min, comprising warm-up (10-min), accessory work (15-20min), and workout of the day (15-20-min). Before the first image acquisition, volunteers were acclimated for 15 min. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the skin temperature between pre- and post-exercise. Results: Temperatures rose significantly pre- to post-exercise in the forearm and anterior thigh regions, while it decreased in the anterior thorax and dorsal lower back regions. These results were found both, in the overall sample, and the male volunteers, but not when the female results were isolated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that superficial thermal response to one CrossFit® training session was characterized and was different for men and women. The superficial thermal responses were aligned with the physiological alterations promoted by other modalities, such as resistance training, cycling, and running.

Abstract Aim: Several programs using total body weight exercise methods have been applied in several populations especially using HIIT. The present study assessed the oxygen consumption, heart rate, and energy expenditure of a HIIT body work® session. Methods: Twelve male participants performed 20 minutes of a HIIT body work, consisting of 20 sets of 30 seconds of stimulation in all-out intensity, followed by 30 seconds of passive recovery. Five cycles were performed for each exercise (jumping jack, burpee, mountain climb, and squat jump). Results: The mean VO2 of the session was 34 ± 7 ml.kg.min-1 (80.35% of the VO2 peak obtained in the session). The energy expenditure of the session was 251±27 kcal (13±1 kcal.min-1) and 39 ± 8 kcal (75±1 kcal.min-1) during the recovery time. The heart rate values were 160±18 bpm (91% of the peak HR of the session) and 125±22 bpm (71%) in recovery. In addition, significant differences (p<0.05) in maximal VO2 were found between jumping jack, mountain climber, burpee and squat jump. Conclusion: Based on the present data, a HIIT bodywork® session presented energy expenditure as a typical high-intensity exercise profile.

This study aimed to observe if the order of the predominantly aerobic exercise, concerning the predominantly anaerobic exercises, in the concurrent training affects the body composition. Nine young males and nine young females were equitably dived into three groups that performed for ten weeks a concurrent training, differing between them in the order of the predominantly aerobic exercise in relation to the predominantly anaerobic exercises, with the objective to change the body composition: i) before; ii) after; and iii) interleaved. The measurements of the body composition were performed before (T0) and after ten weeks (T1) of concurrent training, a protocol using the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). It was observed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the percentage of total body fat in all groups (25.75±9.34 to 25.08±9.38, 26.08±8.17 to 25.51±7.54, 28.20±4.29 to 26.45±5.56, T0 and T1, before, after and, interleaved, respectively). The total fat-free mass it was significantly increased in the after order group (50.74±11.82 kg to 51.01±11.85 kg, T0, and T1, respectively) and the upper limbs fat-free mass also significantly increased only in the before order group (6.66±2.64kg to 7.15±2.95kg, T0, and T1, respectively). No statistical differences were observed in any study variables between groups. Based on the data of the present study, the order of the predominantly aerobic exercise concerning the predominantly anaerobic exercises in the concurrent training did not influence the alterations in the body composition.

Performing long-duration exercise may increase oxygen consumption, which may result in redox imbalance inducing a frame of oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of EROS after a training session on the DNA of human lymphocytes and biochemical parameters (TBARS, triglycerides, proteins, glucose, albumin, and urea). A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study of 18 Caucasian individuals, males, between 18 and 35 years of age, underwent a continuous aerobic training session (60-minute run with intensity comprised between 70% and 75% of the maximum heart rate. The participants had a mean age of 21.78 ± 3.82 years; body mass 72.04 ± 6.35 kg; Height 1.79 ± 0.05 m, BMI of 22.37 kg/cm2 ± 1.70, fat mass 8.43 ± 3.97 %. Results showed a statistically significant increase in total protein, glucose and triglyceride levels post-exercise, while albumin decreased significantly post-exercise, whereas other biochemical parameters did not present significant change. DNA damage analysis showed no significant effects. We conclude that aerobic training in the conditions herein did not induce damage due to oxidative stress in the studied structures, probably because the individuals were well-trained and previously adapted to the conditions of exercise.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento resistido, principalmente a musculação, vem progressivamente ganhando novos adeptos em todo o mundo. Apesar de haver um significativo aumento no número de pesquisas e na literatura disponível sobre o assunto, o treinamento resistido vem passando por um importante processo de evolução. O metabolismo anaeróbico, que caracteriza o treinamento resistido, acentua o processo de isquemia e a reperfusão sanguínea, gerando espécies reativas do oxigênio (ERO). O desequilíbrio entre a produção de radicais livres e as defesas antioxidantes pode desencadear estresse oxidativo e levar, entre outros, à oxidação de proteínas e à peroxidação de lipídios, além de danos no DNA de diversas células. Isso pode ser amplificado durante o repouso, pois o déficit de O2 é reposto por um processo denominado excesso de oxigênio consumido após exercícios. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos de ERO em um treinamento de musculação sobre o DNA de linfócitos humanos, de biomarcadores de dano lipídico (TBARS) e de metabolismo (triglicerídeos, proteínas, glicose, albumina e ureia). Métodos: Teste Cometa mediante contagem de 100 células, as quais foram classificadas em cinco classes de dano (sem dano = 0, dano máximo = 4), constituindo, dessa maneira, um índice de dano no DNA e o teste de micronúcleo, no qual as amostras das células foram centrifugadas a 1000-1500 RPM por dez minutos em temperatura ambiente para a análise de micronúcleos. Resultados: Constatou-se elevação das concentrações de triglicerídeos após 5 horas do treinamento (p = 0,018), relacionada, provavelmente, à alimentação. Os demais parâmetros bioquímicos não mostraram diferenças significantes. Com relação ao dano provocado no DNA medido pelos testes Cometa e de micronúcleo, não se constatou diferença estatística até 5 horas após o treinamento. Conclusão: A sessão de treinamento proposto não provocou danos oxidativos nem genotóxicos em indivíduos treinados, nas condições propostas. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos prognósticos – Investigação do efeito de característica de um paciente sobre o desfecho da doença.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Resistance exercise, particularly strength training, has been progressively gaining more and more followers worldwide. Despite a considerable increase in the amount of research and literature available on this topic, resistance training is undergoing important developments. Anaerobic metabolism, which characterizes resistance training, enhances the ischemic process and blood reperfusion, thereby generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). The imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant defenses may induce oxidative stress with subsequent protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage in several cells, and other effects. This process may be intensified at rest because the O2 deficit is counteracted by a process known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption. Objective: To analyze the effects of ROS in strength training on the DNA of human lymphocyte, biomarkers of lipid damage (TBARS) and metabolism (triglycerides, protein, glycose, albumin and urea). Methods: Comet assay involving a count of 100 cells, which were divided into five classes of damage (no damage = 0, maximum damage = 4), thereby constituting an indication of DNA damage, and the micronucleus test, where the cell samples were centrifuged at 1000-1500 RPM for ten minutes at room temperature for the micronuclei analysis. Results: An elevation in triglyceride concentrations was observed 5h post-exercise (p=0.018), probably due to nutrition. There were no significant differences in the other biochemical parameters. In terms of the DNA damage measured by the Comet assay and micronucleus test, no statistical differences were observed until 5h post-exercise. Conclusion: The proposed training session did not cause oxidative or genotoxic damage in trained individuals under the proposed conditions. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic studies-Investigation of the effect of patient characteristics on the disease outcome.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento de resistencia, especialmente la musculación viene ganando progresivamente nuevos adeptos en todo el mundo. A pesar de haber un aumento significativo en el número de investigaciones y en la literatura sobre el tema, el entrenamiento de resistencia viene pasando por un importante proceso de evolución. El metabolismo anaeróbico, que caracteriza el entrenamiento de resistencia, acentúa el proceso de isquemia y la reperfusión sanguínea, generando especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO). El desequilibrio entre la producción de radicales libres y las defensas antioxidantes puede desencadenar el estrés oxidativo y llevar, entre otros, a la oxidación de proteínas y peroxidación de lípidos, además de daño en el ADN de diferentes células. Eso puede ser amplificado durante el reposo, para el déficit de O2 es restablecido por un proceso denominado exceso de oxígeno consumido después de ejercicios. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos de ERO en un entrenamiento de musculación sobre el ADN de linfocitos humanos, de biomarcadores de daño lipídico (TBARS) y de metabolismo (triglicéridos, proteínas, glucosa, albúmina y urea). Métodos: Prueba Cometa a través de un recuento de 100 células, las cuales se clasificaron en cinco clases de daño (sin daño = 0, daño máximo = 4), constituyendo así un índice de daño en el ADN y la prueba de micronúcleo, en el cual las muestras de las células fueron centrifugadas a 1000-1500 RPM por diez minutos a temperatura ambiente para el análisis de micronúcleos. Resultados: Se constató elevación de las concentraciones de triglicéridos después de 5 horas del entrenamiento (p = 0,018), probablemente relacionada con la alimentación. Los demás parámetros bioquímicos no mostraron diferencias significativas. Con respecto al daño provocado en el ADN medido por las pruebas Cometa y de micronúcleos, no se constató diferencia estadística hasta 5 horas después del entrenamiento. Conclusión: La sesión de entrenamiento propuesto no provocó daño oxidativo ni genotóxico en individuos entrenados, en las condiciones propuestas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios pronósticos - Investigación del efecto de característica de un paciente sobre el desenlace de la enfermedad.

It was our objective to analyze the effects of a single session of whole body HIIT on body-image and -scheme parameters of healthy adult men. Twenty-one active, healthy adults performed high-intensity intermittent training based on full body exercise. The training session involved 20 sets of 30?second all-out exercise and 30 seconds of passive recovery between sets. All subjects underwent blood lactate measurement, rate of perceived exertion, feeling scale and body image assessment and perception of body size measurements. Significant differences (p<0.001) were found on blood lactate but not in feeling scale. The values of current and adequate silhouette did not differ between each other and the real silhouette. Significant differences were found on Image Marking Procedure (IMP) (p< 0.003). Additionally, significant differences (p= 0.009) were found on prevalence of adequate, hypoeschematic and hypeschematic. Although alteration was not found on self-perception of body image, a single session of HIIT body work promoted alteration on body size perception in healthy adult men.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o comportamento da massa corporal de praticantes de três diferentes programas de treinamento durante período de 4 semanas de intervenção. Participaram do experimento 24 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, divididos em 3 diferentes grupos: Grupo 1, High Intensity Interval training (HIIT) com peso corporal cinco vezes na semana; Grupo 2, HIIT com peso corporal três vezes na semana e Grupo 3, corrida com intensidade moderada cinco vezes na semana. Para caracterização do grupo amostral foi utilizado as medidas de media e desvio padrão, para as variáveis, idade, massa corporal, estatura, IMC e circunferência de abdome. Para comparar as medidas de massa corporal, IMC e circunferência de abdome pré e pós intervenção entre os grupos, foi utilizado a anova (p ≤ 0,05) para o % de variação do resultado das medidas pré e pós intervenção dos protocolos HIIT cinco, HIIT três e corrida moderada. A partir dos resultados observados no presente estudo é possível concluir que o HIIT praticado três vezes na semana tem maior eficiência que a corrida com intensidade moderada e o HIIT praticado cinco vezes na semana para redução da massa corporal.

The objective of the present study was to compare the behavior of the body mass of practitioners from three different training programs during a 4-week intervention period. Twenty-four individuals of both sexes, divided into three different groups, participated in the experiment: Group 1, High Intensity Interval training (HIIT) with body weight five times a week; Group 2, HIIT with body weight three times a week and Group 3, race with moderate intensity five times a week. For characterization of the sample group, the mean and standard deviation measures were used for variables: age, body mass, stature, BMI and waist circumference. In order to compare body mass measurements, BMI and pre and post intervention abdominal circumference between the groups, anova (p ≤ 0.05) was used for the% change in the results of the pre and post intervention measures of the five HIIT protocols, HIIT three and moderate run. From the results observed in the present study it is possible to conclude that HIIT practiced three times a week is more efficient than moderate intensity exercise and HIIT is performed five times a week to reduce body mass.

RESUMO Introdução: O desempenho de remadores no remoergômetro é motivo de curiosidade entre os cientistas. Os modelos de predição podem medir o desempenho no remoergômetro. Neste sentido, as variáveis estudadas foram analisadas como possíveis preditores de desempenho. Objetivo: Desenvolver diferentes modelos de regressão a fim de predizer o desempenho com o uso das variáveis antropométricas composição corporal, consumo máximo de oxigênio e força. Métodos: Vinte remadores participaram do estudo (21,35 ± 0,98 anos). Foram aplicados os testes de consumo máximo de oxigênio, força, 500 m e o exame de absorciometria radiológica de dupla energia. A regressão linear múltipla foi realizada no SPSS 16 para os quatro diferentes modelos de regressão. A confiabilidade dos modelos foi indicada pelo coeficiente de determinação R2 e pelo erro padrão da estimativa (SEE). Resultados: Os modelos de antropometria-potência (R2 = 0,92; SEE = 0,06), VO2 Pico (R2 = 0,88; SEE = 0,07), força-potência (R2 = 0,93; SEE = 0,06) apresentaram predição confiável para o desempenho nos 500 m em remoergômetro, assim como a combinação de todas as variáveis (R2 = 0,94; SEE = 0,08). Conclusão: Feitas essas análises, pode-se assegurar a necessidade desses modelos com o objetivo de complementar a identificação, seleção de talentos e, sobretudo, melhora no desempenho.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The performance of rowers in the rowing ergometer is a matter of curiosity among scientists. Prediction models can measure performance on the rowing ergometer. In this sense, the studied variables were analyzed as possible predictors of performance. Objective: To develop different regression models in order to predict performance using the anthropometric variables body composition, maximal oxygen consumption, and strength. Methods: Twenty rowers participated in the study (21.35±0.98 years). The tests of maximal oxygen consumption, strength, 500 m, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were applied. Multiple linear regressions were performed on SPSS 16 for the four different regression models. The reliability of the models was indicated by the coefficient of determination R2 and by the standard error of the estimation (SEE). Results: The anthropometry-power models (R2=0.92, SEE=0.06), VO2 peak (R2=0.88, SEE=0.07), strength-power (R2=0.93, SEE=0.06) presented reliable prediction for 500 m in the rowing ergometer, as well as the combination of all the variables (R2=0.94, SEE=0.08). Conclusion: Once these analyzes have been made, we can assure the necessity of these models with the objective of complementing the identification, selection of talents and, above all, improvement in performance.

RESUMEN Introducción: El rendimiento de los remeros en el remoergómetro es motivo de curiosidad entre los científicos. Los modelos de predicción pueden medir el rendimiento en el remoergómetro. En este sentido, las variables estudiadas fueron analizadas como posibles predictores de rendimiento. Objetivo: Desarrollar diferentes modelos de regresión a fin de predecir el rendimiento con el uso de las variables antropométricas, composición corporal, consumo máximo de oxígeno y fuerza. Métodos: Veinte remeros participaron del estudio (21,35 ± 0,98 años). Se aplicaron las pruebas de consumo de máximo oxígeno, fuerza, 500 m y el examen de absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía. La regresión lineal múltiple fue realizada en el SPSS 16 para los cuatro diferentes modelos de regresión. La confiabilidad de los modelos fue indicada por el coeficiente de determinación R2 y el error estándar de la estimación (SEE). Resultados: Los modelos de antropometría-potencia (R2 = 0,92; SEE = 0,06), VO 2pico (R2 = 0,88; SEE = 0,07), fuerza-potencia (R2 = 0,93; SEE = 0,06) presentaron predicción confiable para el rendimiento en los 500 m en remoergómetro, así como la combinación de todas las variables (R2 = 0,94; SEE = 0,08). Conclusión: Hechos estos análisis, se puede asegurar la necesidad de esos modelos con el objetivo de complementar la identificación, selección de talentos y, sobre todo, mejora en el rendimiento.

The aim of this study was to analyse the serum concentrations of testosterone (T), cortisol (C), lactate (LAC), creatine kinase (CK) and glucose (GLU) on mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes, before and after a fight. We divided 20 MMA athletes into two groups of 10 fighters each, according to the result of a fight, and were then evaluated four times: 24 hours before (-24h), one hour before (-1h), immediately after (0h) and 24 hours after the fight (+24h). It was observed: a significant decrease in T and T/C between moment -24h and 0h and a subsequent increase between the moment 0h and +24h and a reverse behaviour in variables C, LAC and GLU (p<0.0001); a decrease in CK between moment -24h and -1h and an increase between moment -1h and +24h (p<0.0001); and differences between winners and losers T levels, in moments -24h, -1h, 0h and +24h (p = 0.009 e p < 0.001, p = 0.005 e p = 0,001, T and C, respectively), in T/C in the moments -24h and 0h (p=0.006 and p=0.001, respectively) and in GLU levels (p<0.0001) in the moment 0h. Therefore, it seems that an MMA fight leads to metabolic stress and muscle damage, regardless of the result of the fight. The coaches have now more biochemical and hormonal references and indicators in response to an MMA fight.